This was published today, October 18, 2026, on the Purdue University website:

"NIKUMARORO, Kiribati — The Taraia Object expedition, a joint effort by the Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI), Purdue Research Foundation and Purdue University, announced Monday, Oct. 19, local time that it found no conclusive evidence to confirm a hypothesis that wreckage from Amelia Earhart’s Lockheed Electra 10-E was in a lagoon on a remote atoll in the South Pacific. Nikumaroro is 17 hours ahead of Eastern time in the U.S.

Evidence gathered at the Taraia Peninsula on Nikumaroro confirmed that the visual anomaly first seen in satellite imagery in 2020 was likely a collection of large trees deposited along the peninsula’s sandspit. By the time the team arrived at the site, a good portion of the debris had fragmented and washed away, leaving only a single Y-shaped segment — a fraction of the anomaly’s original size observed in imagery when the Taraia Object hypothesis was developed."

In short, Amelia Earhart’s Lockheed Electra was not found on Nikumaroro Island. This Nikumaroro Island theory has been argued since the late 1980s. Nikumaroro has been searched many times over the past 38 years and they have found no definitive evidence that Amelia Earhart or her navigator, Fred Noonan,were ever on Nikumaroro Island.

At this point it is highly doubtful that the airplane will ever be found. The most likely explanation is that Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan could not find their intended refueling station on Howland Island, they ran out of fuel, crashed into the vast Pacific Ocean and died. The plane sank in deep water and will probably never be found.

If you would like to learn more, listen to "Amelia Earhart – Achievements and Disappearance". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/66WQTIVAYJMb8a3UolQX2p

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amelia-earhart-achievements-and-disappearance/id1632161929?i=1000773147013

--- 1867: Possession of Alaska was formally transferred from Russia to the United States. Secretary of State William Henry Seward engineered the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million.

--- 1972: Clean Water Act became law in the U.S.

--- 1931: Thomas Edison died in West Orange, New Jersey.

--- 1939: Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was just 24 years old when he shot President Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963.

--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind (meaning you are willing to listen and consider the evidence and arguments — there are some people that cannot be convinced no matter what evidence they are shown), I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

--- 1989: A 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit the San Francisco Bay area during game 3 of the World Series featuring the two local teams: the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics. (Note: I was working on the 16th floor of an office building in downtown Los Angeles at the time the earthquake struck. The miniblinds started tapping against my window. I realized it was an earthquake and turned on the radio to see where the epicenter was. When the news said that it was in the Bay Area, I knew this was serious since I could feel it over 350 miles/560 km away.)

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1934: The Long March began as Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong escaped from Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek. The retreat lasted over a year and covered approximately 6,000 miles or 9,650 kilometers.

--- 1946: Ten former Nazi officials were hanged in Nuremberg, Germany after being convicted of crimes against humanity. The Nuremberg trials were held between November 20, 1945, and August 31, 1946. The comprehensive evidence created a thorough record of most of the Nazi regime’s worst crimes. Final verdicts were announced on October 1, 1946. Three of the defendants were acquitted, 12 defendants were sentenced to death, and the rest received sentences between 10 years to life in prison. The reason there were only 10 hangings out of 12 death sentences was because Nazi party secretary Martin Bormann was tried in absentia. It was believed he was still alive. However, a DNA test in 1998 confirmed that Bormann had died in Berlin at the end of the war. The other condemned prisoner who was not hanged was Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. He committed suicide the night before he was scheduled to be hanged. For 59 years there was a mystery as to how Göring got the cyanide. But in 2005 a former American prison guard named Herbert Lee Stivers told the Los Angeles Times that a young German woman named Mona had fooled Stivers into smuggling a vial of liquid to Goering's cell hidden in a fountain pen, telling Stivers it was medicine. It is unclear whether this story is true.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1917: Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad for spying on behalf of Germany in World War I. She was 41 years old. She was Dutch, and her real name was Margaretha Zelle. She was an exotic dancer in Paris using the stage name Mata Hari, which was supposedly the Malaysian words meaning "rising sun". She was a paid spy for both the French and the Germans. She was arrested in February 1917 by the French and convicted of spying for the Germans.  

--- 1582: The Gregorian calendar went into effect in the Papal States, Spain, and Portugal. Starting in 45 BCE, the Roman Empire, and later Western Europe, used the Julian calendar, which was invented by Julius Caesar, with the help of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes. The Julian calendar had 365 days and added an extra day every four years (leap year) to February. By the 1500s it was clear that the Julian calendar was not in sync with the actual solar year. This meant that the first day of spring was not close to March 21. Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull for the adoption of a new calendar which is known as the Gregorian calendar. It is the same as the Julian calendar except there are no leap years for years ending in “00” unless the year is exactly divisible by 400. Example: the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not leap years, but the year 2000 was. To align the Gregorian calendar with the solar year, 10 days were skipped in October 1582. The day after October 4 was designated as October 15, 1582. Use of the Gregorian calendar spread throughout Europe. Because of antagonism with the Vatican, Britain and its Empire did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until September 1752.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1912: Former President Theodore Roosevelt was shot by John Flammang Schrank in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Roosevelt was getting into a car which was to take him to the Milwaukee Auditorium for a campaign speech when Schrank shot him once at close range in the chest. The bullet was greatly slowed because it passed through Roosevelt’s coat, glasses case, and the folded copy of his lengthy speech. Amazingly, Roosevelt gave his hour-long speech before going to the hospital where doctors determined it was safest to leave the bullet in his chest.

--- 1947: Chuck Yeager was the first person to break the sound barrier, flying the X-1 rocket plane over Rogers Dry Lake in Southern California, reaching Mach 1.06.

--- 1890: Future President Dwight D. Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas.

--- 1066: The Battle of Hastings. William the Conqueror of Normandy defeated English King Harold II aka Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. This was the Norman conquest. The Normans were from the region of Normandy in the Northwest part of modern-day France. It had been settled by Vikings who, over a century, mingled with the local peoples. But these were still Viking descendants who were incredibly fierce. After the victory at the battle of Hastings, and some minor skirmishes afterwards, William the Conqueror was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066.

[--- "Vikings!". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. The Vikings are history's best example of an irresistible force. They were raiders from Scandinavia that pillaged and slaughtered across much of Europe. They founded Iceland, lived in Greenland, and were the first Europeans in North America. They changed Britain and most of mainland Europe. Find out what made them so formidable and how they reshaped the western world. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.]()

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5zasLT80axfZyMp2MF9vET

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vikings/id1632161929?i=1000633273999

--- 1792: The cornerstone for the Executive Mansion, which would later be dubbed the White House, was laid in the newly created federal capital of Washington D.C. The first occupant was John Adams (second president of the United States). Every president since John Adams has resided in the White House for at least part of his presidency. On August 24, 1814, British troops burned the White House during the War of 1812. President James Madison lived in the White House before the fire. The next president, James Monroe, was inaugurated in March 1817. He did not move into the Executive Mansion until the rebuilt White House was ready for occupancy in 1818. George Washington is the only U.S. president who did not live in the White House.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1492: Christopher Columbus, along with his expedition on behalf of the Spanish monarchs, landed in the Bahamas. The exact island is unknown. He was Italian and his real name was Cristoforo Colombo. Several paintings depict Columbus, but none were painted in his lifetime. We do not know what he actually looked like. Whatever you might think about Columbus as a person, he was an amazing navigator. He also held his crew together when they were very frightened and wanted to turn back. After the Bahamas, he visited the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. That island is now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. On Christmas Day of 1492, Columbus’s flagship, the Santa Maria, ran aground and was abandoned off the northern coast of Haiti. Columbus returned to Spain with the Nina and the Pinta. He arrived in Spain in triumph, convinced that he had found a way to sail west to Asia. Obviously, we know that he was wrong. Columbus made 3 more trips to the Western Hemisphere. He never set foot on the North American continent, but he did visit South America. The main deed of Columbus is that he showed Europeans that there were enormous lands across the Atlantic Ocean, and he showed the Europeans how to get here. This all started with his second voyage when the king and queen gave him 17 ships and about 1200 men in 1493. The conquest of the Americas had begun.

--- "How Columbus Changed the World". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Love him or hate him, Christopher Columbus influenced the world more than anybody in the past 1,000 years. His actions set into motion many significant events: European diseases killing approximately 90% of the native Americans throughout the Western Hemisphere, the spread of the Spanish language and Catholicism, enormous migrations of people, the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and 5 centuries of European colonialism. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1UyE5Fn3dLm4vBe4Zf9EDE

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-columbus-changed-the-world/id1632161929?i=1000570881755

--- 2002: Former President Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.”

--- 1899: Second Boer War began in South Africa between the Boers/Afrikaners and British imperial troops.

--- 1963: The Kennedy White House issued NSAM (National Security Action Memorandum) #263 which confirmed the plan of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to withdraw 1,000 American military personnel from Vietnam by the end of 1963. One month later, John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald.

--- "How America Stumbled into Vietnam". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. The story of the Vietnam War usually starts with President John Kennedy being assassinated and new President Lyndon Johnson getting the U.S. into a long, unwinnable war from 1964 through 1973. This episode explores what happened before that war: the collapse of the French colony of Indochina, why Vietnam was split into 2 countries of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, why the communists tried to take over the South, and how did America become involved in the quagmire of Vietnam. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7msy3J2VN24reTl2cTM5kd

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-america-stumbled-into-vietnam/id1632161929?i=1000639142185

--- 1973: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office due to charges of income tax evasion and political corruption. Surprisingly, his resignation had nothing to do with the Watergate scandal. In the midst of a giant constitutional crisis throughout 1973 and 1974 based upon Watergate, a totally separate scandal arose. A federal investigation of political corruption in Maryland found evidence that Agnew had been taking bribes from his days as governor of Maryland and continued taking bribes while vice president of the United States. To avoid prison time, Agnew made a deal with the Justice Department whereby he pled “nolo contendere” (“no contest”) to one charge of income tax evasion and resigned the vice presidency. The 25th amendment to the Constitution had just been ratified in 1967, stating in pertinent part: “Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.” Richard Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to be the new vice president, and Ford was confirmed overwhelmingly by both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

--- "Watergate". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Most people know that Watergate was the biggest scandal in American history, but few know many details. Listen to what actually occurred at the Watergate complex, how it was only part of a much broader campaign of corruption, and why Richard Nixon became the only U.S. president to resign from office. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6OhSBUTzAUTf6onrUqz0tR

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/watergate/id1632161929?i=1000605692140

--- 1967: Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara was executed by the Bolivian army. The role of the CIA is debated and is controversial to this day. Ironically, after his death, Guevara's likeness would appear on T-shirts, posters, and other capitalist merchandise that the avowed communist would have hated.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1871: Great Chicago Fire began in the barn of Mrs. O’Leary (probably not the fault of her cow) on DeKoven Street, one and a half miles southwest of downtown. Strong winds fanned the flames. At that time, Chicago was mainly built of wooden structures. The fire lasted for nearly 30 hours, spreading as far as the city's northern limits. Rain in the early morning of Tuesday, October 10 finally put out the fire. Most of downtown Chicago was destroyed. An estimated 300 died and a third of the city's population of 300,000 were left homeless.

--- 1869: Former president Franklin Pierce died in Concord, New Hampshire.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 2001: War in Afghanistan commenced as U.S. led coalition forces opened their bombing campaign. Ground forces were deployed two weeks later.

--- 1886: Slavery finally ended in Cuba by a declaration from Spain, which still controlled the island.

--- 1949: East Germany was proclaimed as a separate country. After World War II, Germany was occupied and divided into four occupation zones by the main Allied powers. In May 1949 the U.S., U.K., and France combined their occupation zones into the democratic state of the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly referred to as West Germany. The U.S.S.R. formed the communist state of the German Democratic Republic, usually called East Germany. The two countries were reunited on October 3, 1990, as the single state of Germany.

--- "The Berlin Wall". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. For 28 years the Berlin Wall stood as a testament to the cruelties and failures of communism. While Berlin became the epicenter of the Cold War, West Berlin became an island of freedom behind the Iron Curtain. Hear why Germany was divided into two separate countries and how it finally reunited. 

You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0C67yZqEKv6PDBDbjaj719

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-berlin-wall/id1632161929?i=1000597839908

--- 1981: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

--- 1973: Yom Kippur War began as Egypt and Syria attacked Israel’s forces in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. The war ended 19 days later with a ceasefire on October 25, 1973.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1813: During the War of 1812, American forces commanded by future U.S. president William Henry Harrison defeated British forces in the Battle of the Thames near present day Chatham, Ontario, Canada. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh was killed in the battle. Tecumseh had allied his Native American Confederacy with the British in an attempt to stop United States expansion into Native American lands.

--- 1829: Future president Chester A. Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, near the Canadian border. Actually, the date and location of Arthur’s birth are the subjects of controversy. Arthur was never elected president. He was vice president when James Garfield was assassinated in 1881, and Arthur was elevated to president. Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution states in pertinent part: “No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President…”. Around the election of 1880 (when Arthur was running for vice president) questions arose as to whether Arthur was an American citizen. His father was from Ireland (and did not become an American citizen by the time of Arthur’s birth) and his mother was American. But at that time, it was the father’s nationality that counted. So, it all hinged on whether he was born in the United States. But there were claims that he was born in Canada, not Vermont. To this day there have been no records found documenting on which side of the border Arthur was born.

--- "The Assassinations of Presidents Garfield and McKinley". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. The deaths of presidents James Garfield and William McKinley are unjustly overlooked. Garfield's assassin thought he was acting on orders from God. Garfield did not die from the assassin's bullet but from the incompetence of his doctors. McKinley was killed as part of the anarchist movement which was murdering world leaders at the turn of the 20th century. This episode also covers general presidential facts and explains how Robert Lincoln was connected to 3 presidential assassinations. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/06jruMDsu2dOhK0ZozTyZN

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-assassinations-of-presidents-garfield-and-mckinley/id1632161929?i=1000728328354

--- 1927: First actual carving commenced on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, creating the heads of presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Mount Rushmore National Memorial was declared completed on October 31, 1941.

--- 1822: Future president Rutherford B. Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio.

--- 1957: U.S.S.R. launched Earth’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik I. This was the start of the space race with the U.S.

--- "The Space Race". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy famously promised to land a man on the moon within that decade. But why was there a race to the moon anyway? Get your questions about the space race answered and discover little known facts. For example, many don't realize that a former Nazi rocket scientist was the main contributor to America's satellite and moon program, or that the USSR led the race until the mid-1960s. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/37bm0Lxf8D9gzT2CbPiONg

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-space-race/id1632161929?i=1000571614289

--- 1990: Germany was reunited as the single state of Germany. After World War II, Germany was occupied and divided into four occupation zones by the main Allied powers. In May 1949 the U.S., U.K., and France combined their occupation zones into the democratic state of the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly referred to as West Germany. In October 1949, the U.S.S.R. formed the communist state of the German Democratic Republic, usually called East Germany.

--- 1952: The United Kingdom became the third country (joining the United States and the U.S.S.R.) with nuclear weapons when it detonated an atomic bomb on the Monte Bello Islands, off the west coast of Australia.

--- 1995: O.J. Simpson was acquitted of murdering his estranged wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ronald Goldman, in Los Angeles, California.

--- 1965: In a ceremony held at the base of the Statue of Liberty, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. The primary object of that law was the elimination of the quota system which limited people from certain countries entering the United States. America was no longer giving preference to people from Northern and Western Europe.

--- "Immigration, Citizenship, and Eugenics in the U.S." That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. For years all immigrants were allowed into the U.S., but some could not become citizens. Later, certain nationalities were limited or completely banned. This episode outlines those changes through the 1980s and discusses the pseudoscience of eugenics and how it was used to justify such bigotry and even involuntary sterilizations in the 20th Century. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2q1RWIIUKavHDe8of548U2

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/immigration-citizenship-and-eugenics-in-the-u-s/id1632161929?i=1000670912848

--- 1835: Texas revolution began with the Battle of Gonzales, leading to Texas becoming an independent republic.

--- 1985: Rock Hudson was the first major celebrity to die of AIDS. The tragedy of Hudson's deaths had some positive results. His celebrity status helped raise awareness of the AIDS crisis and helped raise money to fight this scourge.

--- 2020: President Donald Trump tested positive for COVID-19 and was treated at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center with antiviral drugs, including Remdesivir.

[--- "]()Hell on Earth: The Black Death". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. [What would it be like to witness the end of the world? Europeans in the 1340s reasonably believed they were seeing the apocalypse. In only 4 years, the Black Death killed approximately half the population. Find out what caused this plague, and what people did to try to survive.]() You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5Io7sFOzAVri8qITAGHQ8A

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hell-on-earth-the-black-death/id1632161929?i=1000594210892

--- 1890: Yosemite National Park was created by an act of Congress.

--- 1949: After a long and brutal civil war, Chairman Mao proclaimed the formation of the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

--- 2017: A lunatic (who does not deserve to be named) committed the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history. From his room on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel, he shot more than 1,000 bullets at people outdoors in Las Vegas, Nevada. He killed 60 people and wounded an additional 411.

--- 1924: Future president Jimmy Carter was born in Plains, Georgia.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1962: James Meredith attempted to become the first Black student at the University of Mississippi. As explained on the University of Mississippi website: "Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett tried to prevent Meredith’s enrollment by assuming the position of registrar and blocking his admission. On Sept. 30, 1962, when a deal was reached between Barnett and U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy to allow Meredith to enroll, a riot broke out on campus. A mob of angry whites confronted U.S. marshals stationed on campus to protect Meredith. The crowd assaulted the marshals with bricks and bullets outside the Lyceum, the university’s administration building, until the arrival of federal troops quelled the violence in the early morning hours. Two bystanders died in the confrontation, 206 marshals and soldiers were wounded, and 200 individuals were arrested. Meredith was finally allowed to register for courses on Oct. 1, 1962."

--- 1938: In Munich, Germany, an agreement was signed between the United Kingdom, France, and Nazi Germany, averting war at the cost of granting Germany permission to annex the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.

--- "A Defense of Neville Chamberlain". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. Neville Chamberlain has been ridiculed for the 1938 Munich Agreement between Britain and France on one side and Nazi Germany on the other. Instead of being derided, Chamberlain should be praised. Chamberlain tried to avoid a world war. He failed, but at least he tried. And even though he did not completely avoid World War II, his actions ensured that Britain did not lose the war. Britain remaining in the war throughout 1940 and into 1941 allowed for an eventual Allies victory. As some historians have phrased it, Chamberlain did not win World War II, but he prevented the UK from losing the Battle of Britain in 1940 by making sure that Britain had enough fighter planes and an adequate radar system. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7kipM5mT21xVw0fH6foc4i

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a-defense-of-neville-chamberlain/id1632161929?i=1000568077534

--- 1789: Congress passed “An act to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States, the establishment of the troops raised under the resolves of the United States in Congress assembled”, legalizing the existing U.S. Army.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1542: Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo arrived in San Diego Bay, becoming the first European in what would become California. Although he sailed on behalf of Spain, he was born in Portugal with the name João Rodrigues Cabrilho.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1940: The Tripartite Pact was signed creating an alliance between Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. A little over a year later, the United States would be at war with all three of those countries.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1580: The Golden Hind, commanded by Francis Drake, returned to Plymouth, England, becoming only the second ship to circumnavigate the Earth.

--- 1960: Candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon participated in the first televised presidential debate in Chicago, Illinois.

--- Please listen to my podcast, History Analyzed, on all podcast apps.

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6yoHz9s9JPV51WxsQMWz0d

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/history-analyzed/id1632161929

--- 1513: Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa, along with men under his command, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean. The exact day is in dispute (sources differ as to whether it occurred on September 25 or [September 27).]()

--- 1957: “Little Rock Nine” (9 African American students) began classes at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, integrating the school for the first time.

--- 1066: Battle of Stamford Bridge. A large Viking army under King Harald Hardrada invaded England from Norway. They were soundly defeated at the battle of Stamford Bridge by Anglo-Saxon forces under King Harold Godwinson a.k.a. King Harold II. Viking King Harald Hardrada was killed in the battle.

[--- "Vikings!". That is the title of one of the episodes of my podcast: History Analyzed. The Vikings are history's best example of an irresistible force. They were raiders from Scandinavia that pillaged and slaughtered across much of Europe. They founded Iceland, lived in Greenland, and were the first Europeans in North America. They changed Britain and most of mainland Europe. Find out what made them so formidable and how they reshaped the western world. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.]()

--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5zasLT80axfZyMp2MF9vET

--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vikings/id1632161929?i=1000633273999