r/fusion • u/CFS_energy • Jun 24 '26
Hi r/fusion! We’re the Physicists Behind the Commonwealth Fusion Systems’ Papers on the Physics of the ARC Fusion Power Plant. Ask Us Anything!

Update (June 30, 11:37 AM): Great discussion everyone! Our team appreciated all of your insightful questions. This AMA has now concluded, but you can revisit our replies below.
You can identify who provided answers by their initial in the answers: Alex Creely (AJC), Jon Hillesheim (JCH), Tom Body (TAJB), and Ryan Sweeney (RS).
About this AMA:
This time with me and three other CFS physicists who are ready to talk about the five new ARC physics basis papers showing what’ll make our ARC fusion power plants tick.
These peer-reviewed research papers that we and our collaborators published earlier in June are important for CFS and for fusion energy: They cover many aspects of the plasma physics at play in our ARC power plant, including challenges like plasma disruptions and heat exhaust. They also show how transparency and rigorous research can help build trust in what we all know is a very difficult endeavor.
If you’re curious about this physics work or about fusion physics in general, feel free to get things started by asking your questions on this thread.
The three CFS physicists who plan to join me to answer your questions are experts in their field: Jon Hillesheim, CFS Principal Scientist and lead author of the overview paper; Tom Body, CFS Senior Scientist and a lead author on the paper about heat exhaust; and Ryan Sweeney, CFS Manager of Disruption Physics and lead author of the paper about handling plasma disruptions. They’re among the 58 authors who helped write these papers, along with an editorial that accompanied the papers that I wrote.
A little more about the papers: They detail how we’ll be able to produce about 1.1 gigawatts of fusion power from our ARC tokamak — power that we can convert into 400 megawatts of net electricity for the power grid. The papers also show the crucial role our SPARC tokamak will play in putting the finishing touches on the ARC design. We’re using a “late-lock” approach that lets us apply what we’ve learned from SPARC to the ARC design. Overall, the papers show our confidence in the soundness of our ARC plant’s key physics. That builds the foundation for all the engineering, design, and cost optimization work that we’ve begun.
For a deeper dive into these papers, you can check our blog post detailing the ARC physics basis papers.
About CFS:
Commonwealth Fusion Systems is the world’s largest and leading private fusion company. The company’s marquee fusion project, SPARC, will generate net energy, paving the way for a future of carbon-free energy. The company has raised more than $3 billion in capital since it was founded in 2018.
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 3h ago
Interview with CEO of TRUMF Lasers: perspective on diode Laser fusion
I sum up statements by German edition of Scientific American (Spektrum der Wissenschaft), this company is the biggest and leading diode Laser manufacturer in the world. Keep in mind, that not only Focused Energy relies on such lasers, but also Inertia Enterprises, Marvel Fusion and likely others too, they are in close exchange with Focused Energy in Darmstadt Germany:
They need about 1200 such lasers for a power plant, heat dissipation is feasible, frequency of 10 Hz shots too. They need a team of 100 to 150 to develop a mass manufacturable prototype, 250 million Euro and five years.
He criticizes that the German government builds a magnet fusion hub, but no comparable laser fusion hub, which is merely a laser research facility. There are at least 5 billion Euro required to build a power plant prototype of this kind.
Remark: Proxima Fusion needs 1.2 billion Euro by German government to build the Proxima Alpha demonstration Stellarator. They might have better chances regarding this step at least.
Helion's license increased from 2 to 150 grams of tritium for Polaris and Orion, and Orion shield walls designed for DT operation
See documents in shared Google Drive folder here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1WcKuE9NcSL4vk7VlPLM8TfgEhzLk5dJw?usp=sharing
Radioactive Materials License:
The application begins on page 18 of the RML package. The maximum inventory at Polaris was changed from 0.02 MCi to 0.45 MCi, while Orion is licensed for 1.03 MCi. One gram of tritium is 9,650 Ci.
Orion Shielding Report:
The shield walls will be 2.7 meters (9 feet) of heavy aggregate high-density concrete, and the ceiling will be 2-meter-thick panels of high-density concrete.
This doesn't mean Orion will definitely operate with DT, but it does mean that the risk that D-He3 doesn't work is still a consideration.
A comparison with Polaris's neutron shield vault is interesting. Polaris's walls were 2.5 feet of borated concrete lined with 2.5 feet of borated polyethylene (BPE). The design called for solid blocks of BPE, but they ended up stacking slabs of 6-inch BPE held in place by metal plates. Let's just say that the installation looked cumbersome, and they never submitted as-built plans to the city signed off by a structural engineer.
One similarity with Polaris is that they will be adding the roof separately after Orion is installed, meaning there will still be no crane inside the shield.
Building Permits and Inspections for Orion:
The two support buildings for Orion passed their final inspections on Tuesday: a 6,240-square-foot office and control room building and a 26,800-square-foot assembly building.
The generator building is scheduled for insulation inspection next Monday so that means the walls and roof are finished. The floor is still dirt, presumably so they can pour the foundation for the shield walls and there is no sign yet of any crane supports.
Tiny Merge Radioactive Air Emissions License: Tiny Merge is located in Helion's HQ building in the same location as the Polaris Formation Test machines. They are applying for a RAEL because they will be doing low-level DD fusion in Tiny Merge, which they didn't do with the Formation Test. This is the same level of license they had with Trenta in Redmond, a Potential Impact Category Level 4 (PIC 4) classification. Polaris and Orion are both classified as PIC 1.
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 22h ago
How close is commercial fusion? TechCrunch disrupt 26 with CFS CEO Brandon Sorbom
r/fusion • u/TH3GINJANINJA • 1d ago
Help with guidance on student-led research on materials fatigue and metallurgy with applications to Fusion
Hello! My university has an independent student research grant available, and I'd like to do research on advanced manufacturing techniques. This includes casting and forging, then do fatigue analysis. I'd really like to have this research apply to fusion, especially Stellarators as I know there will have to be some innovation in manufacturing to get Q>1 (though anything would be awesome). Could anyone give me some avenues to look at? I'm not trying to have research spelled out for me, but I would just love some pointers on how I can begin to formulate a topic. Thanks!
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 1d ago
High Performance materials for Fusion - Fraunhofer
ikts.fraunhofer.der/fusion • u/steven9973 • 2d ago
First divertor discharges KTM tokamak: initial results - material testing first wall
sciencedirect.comThree fusion companies in DOE’s Milestone program have updates (Xcimer, Zap, & CFS)
ans.orgr/fusion • u/cthulhusevski • 2d ago
Analytic non-axisymmetric 3D MHD equilibria without stellarator symmetry
I know absolutely nothing about anything in this, but I came across this on Twitter and it seemed novel only because of the use of AI tools. Thought that was interesting, curious how the more educated people here feel about this trend in academia esp as it pertains to fusion research.
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 3d ago
A New Degree of Freedom in Stellarator Coil Design - kind of MCF hybrid
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 3d ago
Proxima Fusion: in the belly of the beast, the people building there
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 3d ago
UK Fusion Energy Ltd Annual Report and Accounts 2025/26
r/fusion • u/steven9973 • 3d ago
Exclusive: Cambridge Heavy Industries has been quietly building a desktop fusion device | TechCrunch
I am very skeptical about their approach, but I think you should know.